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(1) What is a compiler in programming
Compiler, computer software that translates (compiles) source code written in a high-level language (e.g., C++) into a set of machine-language instructions that can be understood by a digital computer's CPU. Compilers are very large programs, with error-checking and other abilities.
Translator
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computer programs
These include translators (either assemblers or compilers), which transform an entire program from one language to another; interpreters, which execute a program sequentially, translating at each step; and debuggers, which execute a program piecemeal and monitor various circumstances, enabling the programmer to check
whether the operation of…
machine language
…self-modification was for computer language translation, “language” here referring to the instructions that make the machine work. Although the earliest machines worked by flipping switches, the stored-program machines were driven by stored coded instructions, and the conventions for encoding these instructions were referred to as the machine’s language.
Computer program
Programs stored in the memory of a computer enable the computer to perform a variety of tasks in sequence or even intermittently. The idea of an internally stored program was introduced in the late 1940s by the Hungarian-born mathematician John von Neumann. The first digital computer designed with internal programming capacity was the “Baby,” constructed at Manchester in 1948.
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A program is prepared by first formulating a task and then expressing it in an appropriate computer language, presumably one suited to the application. The specification thus rendered is translated, commonly in several stages, into a coded program directly executable by the computer on which the task is to be run. The coded program is said to be in machine language, while languages suitable for original formulation are called problem-oriented languages. A wide array of problem-oriented languages has been developed, some of the principal ones being C, Python, and C++. (See also computer programming language.)
Computers are supplied with various programs designed primarily to assist the user to run jobs or optimize system performance. This collection of programs, called the operating system, is as important to the operation of a computer system as its hardware. Current technology makes it possible to build in some operating characteristics as fixed programs (introduced by customer orders) into a computer’s central processing unit at the time of manufacture. Relative to user programs, the operating system may be in control during execution, as when a time-sharing monitor suspends one program and activates another, or at the time a user program is initiated or terminated, as when a scheduling program determines which user program is to be executed next. Certain operating-system programs, however, may operate as independent units to facilitate the programming process. These include translators (either assemblers or compilers), which transform an entire program from one language to another; interpreters, which execute a program sequentially, translating at each step; and debuggers, which execute a program piecemeal and monitor various circumstances, enabling the programmer to check whether the operation of the program is correct or not.
Robin Milner
Robin Milner, in full Arthur John Robin Gorell Milner, (born Jan. 13, 1934, Yealmpton, Devon, Eng.—died March 20, 2010, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire), English computer scientist and winner of the 1991 A.M. Turing Award, the highest honour in computer science, for his work with automatic theorem provers, the ML computer programming language, and a general theory of concurrency.
In 1963 Milner left Ferranti for an academic position at City University London, where he taught mathematics to engineering students and began research in artificial intelligence (AI) and its application to databases. In 1968 Milner accepted a research position at the University of Wales, Swansea, where he worked on program verification, automatic theorem proving, and semantics. In 1971 Milner went to the United States to work with John McCarthy in the AI laboratory at Stanford University. Milner returned to Britain in 1973 to accept a position at the University of Edinburgh, where he helped design ML (“metalanguage”), a computer programming language developed for implementing an automatic theorem solver. In 1995 Milner returned to Cambridge as head of the school’s computer laboratory. He retired in 2001.
Among other works, Milner was the author of A Calculus for Communicating Systems (1980), Communication and Concurrency (1989), Communicating and Mobile Systems: The Pi-Calculus (1999), and The Space and Motion of Communicating Agents (2009). He served as editor for Theoretical Computer Science, Research Notes in Theoretical Computer Science, Formal Aspects of Computing, and Mathematical Structures in Computer Science, and he was on the editorial board of the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Section A, Mathematics.
Milner was elected to the Royal Society (1988), the British Computer Society (1988), the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1993), the Association of Computing Machinery (1994), the French Academy of Sciences (2005), and the U.S. National Academy of Engineering (2008). In addition to the Turing Award, Milner received a British Computer Society Technical Award (1987), a Royal Society of Edinburgh Royal Gold Medal (2004), and a European Association for Theoretical Computer Science Distinguished Achievements Award (2005).
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