Ghanshyam tiwari
Internet of Things (IoT
The Internet of Things (IoT)
The Internet of Things (IoT)
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the ability to have devices communicate with one another via the internet or other networks, remotely tracking information to provide feedback to assist with decision making for commercial, industrial, and residential purposes. This is commonly done using sensors connecting to a back-to-base system.
Some common day-to-day examples could be:
- Temperatures in refrigeration or food heating units in the food and beverage industry.
- Assistance with the control of temperature and humidity levels.
- Detection of gas and dust levels.
- Monitoring of water levels and herd locations for agricultural purposes.
- Different applications in the automotive, aviation and nautical sectors such as the sensing of tyre pressures for trucking fleets.
What is the Internet of Things?
- The IoT may sound like a sci-fi series where everyday objects come to life, but it's more subtle than that.
Think:
Smart switches that talk to smartphones
Smart TVs playing videos from a laptop
Smart thermostats that sync with your smartwatch
(2) What Was Life Like Before The IoT?
Before the IoT, the internet was used for and consisted of information made by and for people.
We sent messages and called each other.
We posted and downloaded images, videos, and MP3 files.
These actions were all for our own use.
How Did We Get Here?
- In less than a decade we have gone from using our fingers to interact with a device (the first touch screen devices like the iPod)
- 0
- To being able to able to talk to our devices (asking Google on your laptop for a recipe)
o now have devices talk to each other without our help (your phone telling your apartment thermostat that you've reached home and to turn on the A/C)
Technology is only getting started: soon the IoT may become the IoE (the Internet of Everything)!
Where Can I See IoT In Action?
IoT!
The smart devices in your home such as the smart tv, lights, fridge, and your Alexa/Google Home/Siri/Cortana?- Physical Layer.
- Data Link Layer. ...
- Network Layer. ...
- Transport Layer. ...
- Session Layer. ...
- Presentation Layer. The presentation layer prepares data for the application layer. ...
- Application Layer. The application layer is used by end-user software such as web browsers and email clients. ...
7. Application Layer
The application layer is used by end-user software such as web browsers and email clients. It provides protocols that allow software to send and receive information and present meaningful data to users. A few examples of application layer protocols are the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Post Office Protocol (POP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), and Domain Name System (DNS).
6. Presentation Layer
The presentation layer prepares data for the application layer. It defines how two devices should encode, encrypt, and compress data so it is received correctly on the other end. The presentation layer takes any data transmitted by the application layer and prepares it for transmission over the session layer.
5. Session Layer
The session layer creates communication channels, called sessions, between devices. It is responsible for opening sessions, ensuring they remain open and functional while data is being transferred, and closing them when communication ends. The session layer can also set checkpoints during a data transfer—if the session is interrupted, devices can resume data transfer from the last checkpoint.
4. Transport Layer
The transport layer takes data transferred in the session layer and breaks it into “segments” on the transmitting end. It is responsible for reassembling the segments on the receiving end, turning it back into data that can be used by the session layer. The transport layer carries out flow control, sending data at a rate that matches the connection speed of the receiving device, and error control, checking if data was received incorrectly and if not, requesting it again.
3. Network Layer
The network layer has two main functions. One is breaking up segments into network packets, and reassembling the packets on the receiving end. The other is routing packets by discovering the best path across a physical network. The network layer uses network addresses (typically Internet Protocol addresses) to route packets to a destination node.
2. Data Link Layer
The data link layer establishes and terminates a connection between two physically-connected nodes on a network. It breaks up packets into frames and sends them from source to destination. This layer is composed of two parts—Logical Link Control (LLC), which identifies network protocols, performs error checking and synchronizes frames, and Media Access Control (MAC) which uses MAC addresses to connect devices and define permissions to transmit and receive data.
1. Physical Layer
The physical layer is responsible for the physical cable or wireless connection between network nodes. It defines the connector, the electrical cable or wireless technology connecting the devices, and is responsible for transmission of the raw data, which is simply a series of 0s and 1s, while taking care of bit rate control.
Advantages of OSI Model
The OSI model helps users and operators of computer networks:
- Determine the required hardware and software to build their network.
- Understand and communicate the process followed by components communicating across a network.
- Perform troubleshooting, by identifying which network layer is causing an issue and focusing efforts on that layer.
The OSI model helps network device manufacturers and networking software vendors:
- Create devices and software that can communicate with products from any other vendor, allowing open interoperability
- Define which parts of the network their products should work with.
- Communicate to users at which network layers their product operates – for example, only at the application layer, or across the stack.
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